>>>Turbine

Hydroelectricity

The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. The lower power station has four water turbines which can generate 360 megawatts of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising.Hydroelectricity, hydroelectric-power, or Hydropower is a form of hydropower that uses the energy released as a result of water falling, or flowing downhill or by wave-differences, under the influence of gravity to produce electricity. Specifically, the mechanical energy of the flowing or waving water is converted to electrical energy by a Water turbine and generator. Hydroelectric power is usually generated at dams or other places where water descends from a height like coasts with a high tides difference. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source, since the water that flows in rivers has come from precipitation such as rain or snow and waves in the sea, or even ocean, are moon related.

The energy that may be extracted from water depends not only on the volume but on the difference in height between the water impoundment (or source) and the water outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is directly proportional to the head. For this reason, it is advantageous to build dams as a high as possible to produce the maximum electrical energy.

While many hydroelectric schemes supply public electricity networks, some projects were created for private commercial purposes. For example, aluminium processing requires substantial amounts of electricity, and in Britain's Scottish Highlands there are examples at Kinlochleven and Lochaber, designed and constructed during the early years of the 20th century. Similarly, the 'van Blommestein' lake, dam and power station were constructed in Suriname to provide Swarovski  electricity for the Alcoa aluminium industry.

Importance

Hydroelectric power, using the potential energy of rivers, now supplies 19% of world electricity. Norway produces virtually all of its electricity from hydro, while Iceland produces 83% of its (2004). Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro capacity is normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is so readily stopped and started. It is not a major option for the future in the developed countries because most major sites in these countries having potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either being exploited already or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations.

Advantages and disadvantages

The chief advantage of hydro systems is their capacity to handle seasonal (as well as daily) high peak loads. In practice the utilisation of stored water is sometimes complicated by demands for irrigation which may occur out of phase with peak electrical demands. Times of drought can cause severe problems, since water replenishment rates may not keep up with desired usage rates.

Concerns have been raised that large hydroelectric projects might be disruptive to the surrounding ecosystem. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream.

Models to scale of collectors cases, collectors cabinets, display cabinets and display showcases1 and many other furniture are often used for the interieur decoration of many homes.

Hydro-electric facts

Oldest

Appleton, Wisconsin, USA completed 1882, A waterwheel on the Fox river supplied the first hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper mills and a house, two years after Thomas Edison demostrated incandescent lighting to the public.

Largest hydro-electric power stations

Three Gorges Dam, China, Scheduled completion, 2009, 18,200 MW

Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay, completed 1983, 12,600 MW

Guri, Venezuela, completed 1986, 10,300 MW

Grand Coulee, USA, completed 1942, 6,900 MW

Tucurui, Brazil, completed 1984, now 4,245 MW, expanding to 8400 MW

Savano-Shushenk, Russia, completed 1983, 6,400 MW

Krasnoyarsk, Russia, completed 1968, 6,000 MW

Churchill Falls, Canada, completed 1971, 5,428 MW

La Grande 2, Canada, completed 1979, 5,328 MW

Bratsk, Russia, completed 1961, 4,500 MW

These are installed power figures. If rated by annual power production, the order is different.

Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity

Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed)

USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed)

Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed)

China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed)

Russia, 160,500 GWh (44,000 MW installed)

Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed)

Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed)

India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed)

France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed)

These are 1999 figures and include pumped storage schemes

Swarovski